PRODUCTS AND SERVICES TO FISH
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VETCARE ™ |
DISINFECTANTS
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AQUAHEALTH ™ |
(tm)
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ClO2 based |
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GENERAL
PURPOSE WIDE SPECTRUM DISINFECTANT
FOR AQUACULTURE AND FOOD PROCESSING
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Description: Dutrion tablet is a
transportable, non-explosive, non-corrosive, one-component tablet, which once
added to water, reacts quickly and safely into a long lasting chlorine
dioxide (ClO2)
solution. Like
ozone, ClO2 is soluble as a true gas. Because it is a true gas in
solution, it is easily diluted into target water as a biocide. Dutrion works on the biocidal component of chlorine dioxide. Although chlorine
can be found in the name of it, Dutrion is NOT a chlorine type of
disinfectant and it does not release free chlorine (hypochlorous
acid) to provide its biocidal function. When Dutrion is applied; the chlorine dioxide molecules take
over the biocidal kill of the full spectrum of
bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, yeast and viruses. Dutrion is a convenient, economical and safe method to produce
ClO2 in solution without generating by-products, such as chlorite,
chlorate, chloride or free chlorine. It does not form toxic and carcinogenic
by-products. This makes ClO2 one of the most eco-friendly biocides
available. Extensive studies by the US Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) have confirmed
the safety of chlorine dioxide. |
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Key
properties: Dutrion has broad spectrum
capacity to kill microbes such as bacteria, fungi and sporangia, viruses and
epiphytes. It has no side-effect to superior species (plants, animals,
humans). Microbes will never become resistant to Dutrion
as the product penetrates the cell wall, decomposes polypeptides and destroys
the interior RNA and DNA. As a strong oxidative agent, Dutrion
will decompose almost all reductive materials in water. This includes
residual feed and excrement, resulting in an improved environment in fish
tanks and ponds. Dutrion also enhances indirectly
the concentration of dissolved oxygen (by reducing the BOD). The net effect
is to prevent the break out and promulgation of epidemics in fish and
shellfish farming. The corrosive effects of Dutrion
are negligible. While the disinfectant
action of chlorine stops when the pH values exceed 7.5, chlorine dioxide is
fully and steadily potent on pH levels between 4 and 10 (sea-water pH is
around 8.25) as well as in the presence of ammonia and amines. ClO2
controls the bio-film in pipe-lines along the water distribution systems by
penetrating the bacterial slime layers and destroying the pathogens. Applications: Dutrion is used in drinking water
treatment, water purification, food and beverage industries, hospitals,
hotels, horticulture, aquaculture, agriculture, livestock, poultry, crop
irrigation and many other applications. |
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Specific aquaculture
applications and dosage schemes: l General disinfection
(foot-baths, vehicles, boats, floors, tanks, implements). Dissolved Dutrion tablets remain potent during 30 days. Subsequent
to dilution with fresh or sea water Dutrion
may be applied by immersion, brushing or sponging, spraying as well
as fogging. Recommended dose: 1g per
litre of water (1ppt). Repetitive applications, e.g. daily disinfection,
or long term immersion at 10g per m3
(10ppm) l
Transportation water
(live fish transport). Dutrion can be used at 0.05ppm for the transportation of
eggs to the hatchery, or at 0.1ppm
for the transportation of fry from the hatchery to the growing cages at high
stocking densities when there is risk of infection caused by surface to surface
contact and de-scaling. l Fish egg and larval
sanitation and disease prevention in holding tanks. Dutrion
can be used as a short-term bath at the first sign of bacterial or fungal
infection, in order to reduce the risk of opportunistic infection. Residual
feed and aquatic excrement contaminates the water and the water body
significantly deteriorates, leading to the rapid propagation of pathogenic
microbes. Dutrion may be dosed into the water at a
rate of 0.05~0.1 ppm. The dosage
should be adjusted according to the quality (e.g. turbidity and organic
content) of the water. l Treatment and control of
disease spread in fish holding tanks. Dutrion may
be dosed at 0.15~15 ppm and
repeated daily for 3 to 5 days. |
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l Ice making. Water is the
most important raw material used in processing systems. The quality of the
process water determines the hygiene of food products. The use of
contaminated water in food processing plants can spread infection across the
entire distribution system and contaminate entire batches of produce. Water,
whether obtained from a municipal source or any other source, may carry
bacteria or viruses. Many are harmless, but others may include faecal coliforms, E. coli, salmonella, legionella
and listeria. The ice used for packing fish should
be manufactured with ClO2. Dutrion may
be dosed at 10~30 ppm in water
destined for ice-making. The slow release of ClO2 onto the surface
of fish as the ice melts helps to prevent spoilage and odours during
transport. l Dipping de‐scaled and gutted fish to prolong shelf-life. ClO2 is proven
against botulism organisms and other food contaminants such as salmonella,
staphylococcus, streptococcus etc. in the presence of high organic loading
Even the most resistant strains of fungi are completely destroyed in 60
seconds. The most difficult organisms of all (spore formers) are destroyed in
5 minutes. Dutrion is safe and requires no
restrictions on use in direct contact with food. It may be dosed at 10~30 ppm. l Discharge water and dead biomass
treatment. The fish industry has the potential for generating large
quantities of solid wastes and contaminated effluent/ wastewater. ClO2
is effective in treating wastewater discharges and removing odour problems
associated with fish processing plants. Dutrion may
be used at 10~100 ppm
concentrations in order to deodorise and sanitise dead biomass or heavily
contaminated effluents. |
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l Destroy pathogens and
bio-film in pipelines. There are a variety of nutrient sources
within water systems. These include scale, sediment, corrosion products and
other trapped organic and inorganic matter. Micro-organisms thrive in the
presence of water and nutrients. When micro-organisms find a suitable surface
they attach themselves and initiate multiplication. Growth can be rapid, with
new cells attaching to each other as well as extending laterally across the
surface. The movement of the water ensures that colonies receive a constant
supply of nutrients. When this is combined with suitable temperature, often
found inside heating systems, such as heat exchangers, the perfect conditions
exist for rapid microbial growth. The population will predominantly consist
of aerobic (oxygen seeking) and anaerobic (living without oxygen) bacteria.
This creates a "woven matrix colony" in which other organisms can
grow and develop. This matrix is often referred to as "slime" or
"biofilm". There will also be traces of
fungi and algae, which in turn support predatory organisms such as protozoa
and metazoa. These predatory organisms ingest
bacterial cells for food.
Dutrion may be used at 100 ppm to 1ppt concentrations in order to remove biofilms
from pipelines. |
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Precautions
(for the operators): At the recommended concentrations Dutrion
is harmless to man and animals. It is non-toxic, non-caustic or irritant
for the skin, eyes or mucous membranes. Nevertheless, the dense product
should be handled with reasonable caution (e.g. wear gloves etc. appropriate
personal protective equipment). When the dense product comes into direct
contact with skin or eyes, rinse with plenty of water for several minutes. Do
not ingest. Keep away from children. Storage
and packing: Available in 1g and 20g
tablets. 200 x 1g tablets per pack (200 x1g), or 25
x 20g tablets per pack (25 x20g). Also available in two component powder form
(see below). Store
in original container protected from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and
well-ventilated area, away from food and drink. Separate from reducing agents
and combustible materials. Keep container tightly closed and sealed until
ready for use. Use original container. Containers that have been opened must
be carefully resealed. Do not store in unlabelled containers. Dissolved Dutrion tablets remain potent during 30 days (e.g. at
0.2% stock solution when a 20g tablet is dissolved in 1lt water). The
tablets' shelf life is 2‐5 years, depending on
storage conditions. |
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Dutrion Powder Dutrion Powder comes as a 2 part component kit. Powder A (Sodium Chlorite and additives) and Powder B (Sodium
Bisulphite and additives). Mixing
equal amounts of Powder A and Powder B in a specific amount of water
quickly generates an activated solution of chlorine dioxide. The
advantage of Dutrion Powder over Dutrion Tablets, in addition to lower cost, is that the
components are not oxidative, hence do not get reduced as long as the two
powders are kept apart (long storage of raw materials). The
disadvantage of the powdered form is the need to mix the two powders at
exactly equal amounts (weight) in a specific amount of water (volume) and
produce a stock solution with which the water is dosed accordingly. The stock
solution remains potent and may be used for 30 days. Often
a "dosing unit" is required to maintain the appropriate
concentration of Dutrion by dosing/pumping
continuously out of the stock solution and into the passing water. |
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Packing of Dutrion
Powders A and B: 5
x 1kg aluminium bags in a pail (5 kg), 4 pails in a carton (20kg). POWDER
A (5kg pail) POWDER
B (5kg pail) |
DUTRION DOSING UNIT
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Dutrion vs. Chlorine
Chlorine and chlorine type disinfectants
(e.g. sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite etc) generate so called
"free chlorine". This free chlorine, also known as hypochlorous acid, is the biocidal
component that does the actual killing of pathogens but also form very
dangerous by-products in water (THM, HAA, Mutagen X, etc.) Free chlorine is
released by chlorine and chlorine type disinfectants when applied in water. The
disinfection by-products (DPBs) are too dangerous to accept anymore in potable
water or food. Chlorine is still used in large quantities because it is mainly
inexpensive and easy to use.
Unlike chlorine, which starts
to oxidize all inorganic and organic matters in the water first before starting
to kill the micro-organisms, Dutrion is a highly
selective oxidizer, killing the micro-organisms first instead of oxidizing
organics in the water. This has numerous advantages vis-à-vis chlorine,
such as the short contact time (typically 2-10 minutes). Due to its
selectivity, the consumption of Dutrion is low.
Often, up to 60-80% of the initial concentration can be found at the tail end,
which gives Dutrion its residual disinfection
capacity throughout distribution systems (up to 72 hours, whereas chlorine only
has limited time such residual). Last but not least, Dutrion
does, contrary to chlorine, not hydrolyse into the water to react with organic
matters to form disinfection by-products (DPBs).
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Dutrion |
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Chlorine |
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Very high disinfection
activity against bacteria, viruses, protozoa, algae and fungi. |
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Low disinfection action
against viruses and protozoa. |
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Chlorine Dioxide exhibits
long term residual disinfection effectiveness. |
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Chlorine exhibits much
shorter effectiveness in water systems. |
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Its action is rapid and
takes 1‐10 minutes to act on microbes. |
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Chorine takes 1/2 ‐ 1 hour to act on microbes. |
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The residual effect ClO2
remains high from starting point of dosing to the end point in supply. |
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Chlorine very often shows
only 20% residual at the tail end of distribution system, which means high
dosing at the front end. |
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Persistence of disinfectant
is very high, decomposed through hydrolysis, much slower than chlorine. |
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Low persistence of
disinfectant rapidly decomposed in the distribution system and low residual
levels at the tail end. |
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Dutrion penetrates the biofilm, strips it out and prevents re‐growth. |
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Chlorine in drinking
water concentrations cannot penetrate the biofilm
and hence it cannot strip biofilm. |
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No corrosion effect on
pipeline materials in contact and dosing pumps and other instruments in line. |
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Chlorine is highly
corrosive in nature, especially in combination with lower pH values. |
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No reaction with ammonia. |
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Chlorine forms toxic THM
reacting with ammonia. |
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No resistance building of
microbes imparted against Dutrion. |
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Microbes have developed
high resistance against chlorine and chlorine products. |
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Water taste won't be
affected after treatment at disinfection concentrations, hence "fresh
water". |
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Chlorine changes the taste
of water badly. |
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No smell at disinfection
levels. |
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Chlorine changes the odour
of water negatively. |
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Dutrion dosing is very flexible
and depends on optimization process. Dosing 0.05 - 0.5 ppm is common. |
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Typically 1‐2 ppm for drinking water disinfection, but never less than 0.5
ppm. Taste and smell issues above 2 ppm start to develop. |
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Broad spectrum germicidal
activity. |
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Chlorine presents low
efficacy and has narrow spectrum antimicrobial activity among disinfectants. |
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Dutrion does not release free
chlorine |
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It reacts with water and
generates free chlorine (HOCL) that finally acts on microbes. |
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ClO2 presents
best efficacy at wide range of pH values (4‐10). |
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Chlorine reactions are
greatly affected with the change of pH. |
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Chlorine dioxide shows good
efficacy at low temperatures. |
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Chlorine shows low efficacy
at cold temperatures. |
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Chlorine dioxide shows good
efficacy at high temperatures (> 45°C.). |
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Chlorine shows low efficacy
at high temperatures (> 30°C). |
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Dutrion is not explosive in any
way. |
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Chlorine (gas) is very
explosive and dangerous. |
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Operational safety is high with
minimum precaution. |
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Operational safety is
low. |
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High efficiency to oxidize
iron and manganese compounds. |
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Very low efficiency to
oxidize iron and manganese compounds. |
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Oxidizes hydrogen sulphide,
phenol, mercaptans, cyanide, pesticides. |
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Chlorine is not efficient
to oxidize these substances. |
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Ct value for 99%
inactivation of Giardia
at 25° C. for chlorine dioxide is 7.3 mg.min/L at pH 6‐9. |
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Chlorine is not very
effective against Giardia. |
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Ct value for 99%
inactivation of Cryptosporidium at
22° C. for chlorine dioxide is 40 mg.min/L at pH 6‐9. |
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Chlorine does not kill Cryptosporidium. |
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Eco friendly, no
undesirable residues; chlorine dioxide has the future. |
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Chlorine destroys the
environment. Was important the last 100 years. |
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Copyright © Dr Panos Varvarigos
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Disclaimer:
Every effort has been made to ensure that the
information in the notes and papers contained and linked herein is accurate
until the date of last editing. It is based upon the accumulated personal
experience of applied work in the field. The author cannot take responsibility
for incorrect interpretation and any resulting consequences.
The contents may be used only as
an educational guide and are not meant to become a stand-alone diagnostic tool
or treatment manual or replace professional assistance.
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